u/AutoMughal

Large 8vo (146 x 238 mm). Arabic manuscript on polished oriental paper. 865 pp. (paginated in a later hand), 25 lines, per extensum. Black ink with red underlinings and emphases. With numerous diagrams in the text. Contemporary blindstamped full calf, restored and spine rebacked.

A rare, complete, and well-preserved late 16th century Arabic manuscript of Al-Birjandi's "Sharh al-Tadhkirah", a commentary (originally in Persian) on the "Tadhkira", the astronomical memoir of the Persian polymath at-Tusi (1201-74). As consistent with the Islamic tradition of commentary, Al-Birjandi provides explanations for the reader and provides alternative views while assessing the viewpoints of predecessors.
Abd Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Husayn Birjandi (d. 1528) was a prominent Persian astronomer, mathematician and physicist from Birjand. A pupil of Mansur ibn Muin al-Din al-Kashi, of the Ulugh Beg Observatory, he anticipated notions later developed by Galileo Galilei in the West.

Copied by the scribe Abd al-Wahhab bin Mawlana Baha al-Din. Somewhat browned throughout; some waterstaining to lower half, more pronounced near the end of the volume. The text illustrations show sections, celestial spheres and other astronomical and mathematical diagrams. Old waqf stamp to first leaf. Restored binding uses original cover material.

https://inlibris.com/item/bn57391/

"Laila and Majnun at School", Folio from a Khamsa (Quintet) of Nizami of Ganja
Calligrapher Ja'far Baisunghuri Iranian
Author Nizami
835 AH/1431–32 CE

Not on view
This splendid painting is from a manuscript of the frequently illustrated story of Laila and Majnun by the twelfth-century Persian poet Nizami. It was commissioned by the Timurid prince Baisunghur of Herat, one of the greatest bibliophiles in all Islamic history, who gathered at his court the very best painters from Baghdad, Tabriz, Shiraz, and Samarkand to illustrate his matchless collection of books. This illustration depicts Qais, the future "mad one" (Majnun) for love, and Laila, his beloved, who meet for the first time as children at a mosque school. The painting underscores the closely related aesthetics of figural painting and abstract calligraphy, architectural tiling and royal carpet weaving in traditional Islamic civilization, united here in a visual symphony of flat but dramatically colored patterns. The scene depicts the child lovers framed in the mosque's prayer niche in order to emphasize their mystical status. These visual conventions of Persian art, usually laden, as here, with Neoplatonic symbolism, crystallized in the royal cities of Tabriz and then Herat at the turn of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and endured for another 250 years in the court paintings of Iran, Turkey, and India.

Title: "Laila and Majnun at School", Folio from a Khamsa (Quintet) of Nizami of Ganja
Calligrapher: Ja'far Baisunghuri (Iranian, active Herat, first half 15th century)

Author: Nizami (present-day Azerbaijan, Ganja 1141–1209 Ganja)

Date: 835 AH/1431–32 CE
Geography: Made in present-day Afghanistan, Herat
Medium: Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper
Dimensions: Page: H. 12 5/16 in. (31.3 cm)
W. 9 in. (22.9cm)f
Mat: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm)f
W. 14 1/4 in. (36.2 cm)
Classification: Codices
Credit Line: Purchase, Lila Acheson Wallace Gift, 1994
Object Number: 1994.232.4

Signature: Colophon signed by Ja'far, "at Herat" and dated A.H. 835 (A.D. 1432)

Inscription: Inscriptions on opening page and in bands in miniatures in nasta'liq, naskha, and kufic script:
The architectural inscriptions in Arabic on gold bands are mainly in nashka script and are translated:
Under the dome: The Prophet—may God pray for him and bless him—said: "Your welfare comes from your knowledge of the Qur'an, and its knowledge is veracity."
Side wall: God...said: "And the mosque's are Allah's, so call not upon (anyone) with Allah" (LXXXII: 48).
Minaret, upper band: Allah is the greatest.
Minaret, lower band: The prayer is the pillar of religion.
Niche in back wall in kufic script: The reign is God's only.
Over side door in kufic script: The recollection of the encounter is upon...(?)

Marking: Calligraphed by Ja'far with dedication to Prince Baisunghur(d.1433)

Provenance
Prince Baisunghur, Herat, present-day Afghanistan (1432–d. 1433); Ebadollah Bahari, London (1960s–1994; sold to MMA)

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/455041

Credit

https://x.com/notat240400/status/2056703752699040244?s=46&t=V4TqIkKwXmHjXV6FwyGPfg

https://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database\_item.php?id=object;ISL;de;Mus01;12;fr&cp

Credit

https://x.com/rainmaker1973/status/2055920767963967546?s=46&t=V4TqIkKwXmHjXV6FwyGPfg

The Madhya Pradesh High Court has ruled that the disputed Bhojshala-Kamal Maula complex in Dhar, central India, is historically a Saraswati temple, ending the arrangement that allowed Friday prayers at the site.

The complex, however, also includes a 14th-century congregational mosque and the tomb of Chishti saint Kamal-al Din, with historical records linking the structure to the Delhi Sultanate era and later repairs under Malwa governor Dilawar Khan in 1392–93 AD.

The court directed the ASI to continue preserving the monument, while Muslim groups are expected to challenge the verdict after reviewing the judgment in detail.

Source https://x.com/5pillarsuk/status/2056004307993198976?s=46&t=V4TqIkKwXmHjXV6FwyGPfg

Credit

https://x.com/notat240400/status/2055925461771862064?s=46&t=V4TqIkKwXmHjXV6FwyGPfg

Credit

https://x.com/lbnbattuta/status/2055736331012121008?s=46&t=V4TqIkKwXmHjXV6FwyGPfg

Available at https://www.instagram.com/p/DYZkI4HiFgB/?img_index=1&igsh=MXNkdWQxbnk4NGZ5bQ%3D%3D

Zarqali, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al- / Bianchini, Giovanni (ed.). Tabulae de motibus planetarum.
[Ferrara, ca. 1475].
Folio (242 x 340 mm). Latin manuscript on paper. 160 leaves (complete including four blank leaves at the beginning and six at the end). Written in brown ink in a neat humanistic hand, double columns, 37 lines to each page, numerous two and three line initials supplied in red or blue. With one large illuminated initial and coat of arms of the Scalamonte family flanked by floral decoration on first leaf, painted in shades of blue, green and lilac and heightened in burnished gold. With altogether 231 full-page tables in red and brown, some marginal or inter-columnar annotations, and one extended annotation on final leaf. Fifteenth century blind stamped goat skin over wooden boards, remains of clasps.

The so-called "Toledan Tables" are astronomical tables used to predict the movements of the Sun, Moon and planets relative to the fixed stars. They were completed around the year 1080 at Toledo by a group of Arab astronomers, led by the mathematician and astronomer Al-Zarqali (known to the Western World as Arzachel), and were first updated in the 1270s, afterwards to be referred to as the "Alfonsine Tables of Toledo". Named after their sponsor King Alfonso X, it "is not surprising that" these tables "originated in Castile because Christians in the 13th century had easiest access there to the Arabic scientific material that had reached its highest scientific level in Muslim Spain or al-Andalus in the 11th century" (Goldstein 2003, 1). The Toledan Tables were undoubtedly the most widely used astronomical tables in medieval Latin astronomy, but it was Giovanni Bianchini whose rigorous mathematical approach made them available in a form that could finally be used by early modern astronomy.

Bianchini was in fact "the first mathematician in the West to use purely decimal tables" and decimal fractions (Feingold, 20) by applying with precision the tenth-century discoveries of the Arab mathematician Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqilidisi, which had been further developed in the Islamic world through the writings of Al-Kashi and others (cf. Rashed, 88 and 128ff.). Despite the fact that they had been widely discussed and applied in the Arab world throughout a period of five centuries, decimal fractions had never been used in the West until Bianchini availed himself of them for his trigonometric tables in the "Tabulae de motis planetarum". It is this very work in which he set out to achieve a correction of the Alfonsine Tables by those of Ptolemy. "Thorndike observes that historically, many have erred by neglecting, because of their difficulty, the Alfonsine Tables for longitude and the Ptolemaic for finding the latitude of the planets. Accordingly, in his Tables Bianchini has combined the conclusions, roots and movements of the planets by longitude of the Alfonsine Tables with the Ptolemaic for latitude" (Tomash, 141).

The importance of the present work, today regarded as representative of the scientific revolutions in practical mathematics and astronomy on the eve of the Age of Discovery, is underlined by the fact that it was not merely dedicated but also physically presented by the author to the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in person on the occasion of Frederick's visit to Ferrara. In return for his "Tabulae", a "book of practical astronomy, containing numbers representing predicted times and positions to be used by the emperor's […] astrologers in managing the future" (Westman, 10ff.), Bianchini was granted a title of nobility by the sovereign.

For Regiomontanus, who studied under Bianchini together with Peurbach, the author of the "Tabulae" counted as the greatest astronomer of all time, and to this day Bianchini's work is considered "the largest set of astronomical tables produced in the West before modern times" (Chabbas 2009, VIII). Even Copernicus, a century later, still depended on the "Tabulae" for planetary latitude (cf. Goldstein 2003, 573), which led to Al-Zarquali's Tables - transmitted in Bianchini's adaption - ultimately playing a part in one of the greatest revolutions in the history of science: the 16th century shift from geocentrism to the heliocentric model.

In the year 1495, some 20 years after our manuscript was written, Bianchini's Tables were printed for the first time, followed by editions in 1526 and 1563. Apart from these printed versions, quite a few manuscript copies of his work are known in western libraries - often comprising only the 231 full-page Tables but omitting the 68-page introductory matter explaining how they were calculated and meant to be used, which is present in our manuscript. Among the known manuscripts in public collections is one copied by Regiomontanus, and another written entirely in Copernicus's hand (underlining the significance of the Tables for the scientific revolution indicated above), but surprisingly not one has survived outside Europe. Indeed, the only U.S. copy recorded by Faye (cf. below) was the present manuscript, then in the collection of Robert Honeyman. There was not then, nor is there now, any copy of this manuscript in an American institution. Together with one other specimen in the Erwin Tomash Library, our manuscript is the only preserved manuscript witness for this "crucial text in the history of science" (Goldstein 2003, publisher's blurb) in private hands. Apart from these two examples, no manuscript version of Bianchini's "Tabulae" has ever shown up in the trade or at auctions (according to a census based on all accessible sources).
Condition: watermarks identifiable as Briquet 3387 (ecclesiastical hat, attested in Florence 1465) and 2667 (Basilisk, attested to Ferrara and Mantua 1447/1450). Early manuscript astronomical table for the year 1490 mounted onto lower pastedown. Minor waterstaining in initial leaves and a little worming at back, but generally clean and in a fine state of preservation. Italian binding sympathetically rebacked, edges of covers worn to wooden boards. A precious manuscript, complete and well preserved in its original, first binding.
Provenance: 1) Written ca 1475 by Francesco da Quattro Castella (his entry on fol. 150v) for 2) Marco Antonio Scalamonte from the patrician family of Ancona, who became a senator in Rome in 1502 (his illuminated coat of arms on fol. 1r). 3) Later in an as yet unidentified 19th century collection of apparently considerable size (circular paper label on spine "S. III. NN. Blanchinus. MS.XV. fol. 43150"). 4) Robert Honeyman, Jr. (1928-1987), probably the most prominent U.S. collector of scientific books and manuscripts in the 20th century, who "had a particular interest in astronomy" (S. Horobin, 238), his shelf mark "Astronomy MS 1" on front pastedown. 5) Honeyman Collection of Scientific Books and Manuscripts, Part III, Sotheby's, London, Wed May 2, 1979, lot 1110, sold to 6) Alan Thomas (1911-1992), his catalogue 43.2 (1981), sold to 7) Hans Peter Kraus (1907-1988), sold to 8) UK private collection.
References
Bernard R. Goldstein & José Chabas, 'Ptolemy, Bianchini and Copernicus: Tables for Planetary Latitudes,' Archive for the History of Exact Sciences, vol. 58, no. 5 (July 2004), pp. 553-573. Bernard R. Goldstein & José Chabas, Alfonsine Tables of Toledo (= Dordrecht-Boston-Londres, Kluwer Academic Publishers ("Archimedes, New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology" 8), 2003. José Chabás & Bernard R. Goldstein, The Astronomical Tables of Giovanni Bianchini (Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2009). Thorndike, 'Giovanni Bianchini in Paris Mss,' Scripta Mathematica 16 (1950) 69ff. & his 'Giovanni Bianchini in Italian Mss.,' Scripta Mathematica 19 (1953) 5-17. Rashed, Development of Arabic Mathematics: Between Arithmetic and Algebra. Boston, 2013. Mordechai Feingold & Victor Navarro-Brotons, Universities and Science in the Early Modern Period. Boston 2006. R. Westman, Copernicus and the Astrologers. Smithsonian 2016. M. Williams, The Erwin Tomash Library on the History of Computing, 2008, 141. Simon Horobin & Linne Mooney, English Texts in Transition: A Festschrift Dedicated to Toshiyuki Takamiya on his 70th Birthday. Woodbridge 2014. Silvia Faschi, Prima e dopo la raccolta: diffusione e circolazione delle Satyrae, di Francesco Filelfo. Spunti dall' epistolario edito ed ineditio. In: Medioevo e Rinascimento. XIV, n.s. XI (2000), 147-166 (mentioning a connection between the Italian Humanist and Marco Antonio Scalamonte). C. U. Faye & W. H. Bond, Supplement to the Census of Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the United States and Canada (1962), p. 21, no. 12 (this manuscript).

https://inlibris.com/item/bn47198/

Throughout the history of the Ottoman Empire, there were numerous rebellions, such as the Celali, Balkan, and Anatolian revolts. Although these caused harm to the Empire, they did not result in a significant loss of overall power; on the contrary, the Empire continued to maintain or even increase its existing strength. However, there was one particular rebellion that went down in history as the most challenging ordeal the Ottoman Empire ever faced. Muhammad Ali Pasha of Kavala, whom the Ottomans had appointed as the Governor of Egypt, rose in rebellion against the state.

​In 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt, an Ottoman territory. In response, the Ottoman State gathered soldiers from across the empire to reclaim Egypt from the French. At that time, Muhammad Ali Pasha was an officer in his hometown of Kavala (Greece), engaged in the timber trade and leading local militia forces. He joined the army sent to Egypt by the order of Sultan Selim III as a "serchesme" (deputy commander) at the head of approximately 300 Albanian bashi-bazouk (irregular) soldiers from the Kavala region. Shortly after arriving in Egypt, he became the commander of the Albanian unit when the original commander returned home. The French were defeated and withdrew from Egypt in 1801, leaving behind an authority vacuum.

​Following the French withdrawal, a three-way power struggle began in Egypt between the official governors sent by the Ottomans, the Mamluk Beys (the former rulers of the region), and the Albanian soldiers led by Muhammad Ali Pasha. The Ottoman Governor of the time, Hurshid Ahmed Pasha, was collecting heavy taxes from the people and turning a blind eye to his soldiers looting the city. Muhammad Ali Pasha made a very clever move by restraining his own soldiers and visiting coffeehouses, winning the affection of the public and the leader of the Cairo ulema (religious scholars), Omar Makram. In 1805, the people of Cairo and the ulema revolted against Hurshid Pasha. Declaring that they had removed Hurshid Pasha from office, they stated, "We want Muhammad Ali as our governor," and pledged their allegiance to him. Consequently, Selim III appointed Muhammad Ali Pasha as the Governor of Egypt.

After becoming governor, he embarked on efforts to establish a "modern state within a state." With the help of French officers, he formed a powerful, disciplined Egyptian army (the Egyptian Sekban) based on the Nizam-i Djedit (New Order) model, consisting of the local population. He built a navy, implemented agricultural reforms, and amassed a vast fortune by establishing the "Yed-i Vahit" (monopoly) system, where the state bought goods from the public at low prices and sold them to the West at high prices. While the Ottomans were occupied with other international issues and internal reforms (such as the abolition of the Janissary Corps), he suppressed the Wahhabi Rebellion in the Hejaz—which the state had struggled to control—and the unrest in Sudan through his son, Ibrahim Pasha, under the orders of Mahmud II.

​When the Greek Revolt broke out in Morea in 1821, Sultan Mahmud II was unable to suppress it and desperately sought help from Muhammad Ali Pasha. Muhammad Ali Pasha agreed on one condition: the governorships of Morea and Syria were to be granted to him. The modern Egyptian army and navy, under the command of his son Ibrahim Pasha, arrived in Morea and suppressed the revolt. However, Britain, France, and Russia intervened and burned the joint Ottoman-Egyptian fleet at Navarino in 1827. In 1830, Greece gained independence. Once Morea was lost, Muhammad Ali Pasha demanded the governorship of Syria (Damascus) from Mahmud II as compensation. Mahmud II, already uneasy about his governor becoming so powerful, flatly refused to hand over a region as strategic as Syria, located right on the doorstep of Anatolia.

Muhammad Ali Pasha decided to take Syria by military force since he could not obtain it through diplomacy. A pretext was ready: a dispute with the Governor of Acre, Abdullah Pasha, regarding Egyptian fellahin (peasants) who had fled to escape taxes. An Egyptian army of 30,000 men under Ibrahim Pasha entered Syria and besieged the Fortress of Acre, one of the strongest fortresses of the period. The fortress resisted for six months before falling in May 1832. The Ottoman forces sent to the region under Serasker Agha Hussein Pasha could not withstand Ibrahim Pasha's modern tactics. The Egyptian army crossed the Taurus Mountains via the Cilician Gates and entered Anatolia. Sultan Mahmud II sent his most trusted commander, Grand Vizier Reşid Mehmed Pasha, to Konya with a large army. During the battle fought under heavy fog, while the Ottoman army was initially devastating the Egyptian forces, the capture of the Grand Vizier led to a breakdown in Ottoman ranks, and the battle was lost. Following the victory at Konya, no military obstacle remained between Ibrahim Pasha and Istanbul. The Egyptian army advanced as far as Kütahya and established its headquarters there.

​Istanbul was in a state of panic. Mahmud II first sought help from Britain and France. However, the British were preoccupied with internal affairs, and the French were covertly supporting Muhammad Ali Pasha. In desperation, the Sultan made one of the most dramatic decisions in Ottoman history and sought help from his arch-enemy, Russia. Mahmud II summarized this situation with the famous proverb: "A man who falls into the sea will cling even to a serpent." The Russian navy entered the Bosphorus, and Russian troops were stationed on the heights of Beykoz.

​Terrified by the Russian presence in Istanbul, Britain and France immediately intervened and pressured Muhammad Ali Pasha to stop. As a result of international pressure, the parties reached an agreement. Muhammad Ali Pasha remained a "governor," but in addition to Egypt and Crete, he was also granted the governorship of Syria. Wanting to send the Russian troops back, the Ottomans signed an eight-year defensive alliance with Russia (Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi, 1833). According to a secret clause, if Russia were attacked from the West, the Ottomans would close the Dardanelles to Western ships. This treaty infuriated Britain and France, giving rise to the "Straits Question" in the international arena.

​The Convention of Kütahya satisfied neither side. Mahmud II wanted to reclaim his lost lands and pride, while Muhammad Ali Pasha was tired of being a governor and wanted to declare the independence of his dynasty.

​To secure full British support against Egypt, the Ottomans signed the Treaty of Balta Limanı on August 16, 1838. With this treaty, the Ottomans abolished the monopoly system and eliminated internal customs duties for British merchants. While this move aimed to undermine Muhammad Ali Pasha's financial power based on monopolies, in the long run, it left the Ottoman economy completely vulnerable to Western exploitation. When Muhammad Ali Pasha announced his intention to declare independence in 1838, the fuse was lit once again. The Ottoman army moved to reclaim Syria. The two armies met near Gaziantep. The Ottoman army was led by Hafiz Pasha, with the famous Helmuth von Moltke—later the Chief of the German General Staff—serving as a military advisor. Moltke advised Hafiz Pasha to withdraw and stay on the defensive. However, the ulema insisted, "We shall not act on the word of an infidel; let us attack," and the Ottoman army launched an offensive. The result was a total catastrophe; Ibrahim Pasha crushed the Ottoman army within a few hours. Sultan Mahmud II passed away on July 1, 1839, before receiving news of the defeat at Nizip. His inexperienced 16-year-old son, Sultan Abdülmecid, ascended the throne.

​In an act of betrayal, the Ottoman Grand Admiral (Kapudan Pasha) Ahmed Fevzi Pasha took the entire Ottoman fleet to the Port of Alexandria and surrendered it to Muhammad Ali Pasha due to a personal feud with the new Grand Vizier, Hüsrev Pasha. For the first time, the Ottoman Empire was left without a navy. The empire had no army, its navy had been surrendered, and a child sultan was on the throne. The state was completely defenseless.

​Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire convened in London. An ultimatum was given to Muhammad Ali Pasha: he could keep Egypt and Crete but had to return Syria, Adana, and the Hejaz, as well as the Ottoman fleet. Relying on French support, Muhammad Ali Pasha rejected these terms. Consequently, a joint British and Ottoman force took action. The British navy bombarded Beirut and Sidon. The Egyptian army's supply lines in Syria were cut, and the local population revolted against Ibrahim Pasha's heavy taxes. British Admiral Charles Napier led forces that reclaimed the Fortress of Acre by naval bombardment.

​Ibrahim Pasha was forced to withdraw his army to Egypt with devastating losses. When the British navy arrived off Alexandria and pointed its guns at Muhammad Ali Pasha's palace, the Pasha was forced to surrender. The rebellion officially ended with a decree signed under heavy military pressure and approved by the Sultan. The terms were as follows:

​"Muhammad Ali Pasha will return all governorships except Egypt to the Ottomans, surrender the Ottoman Navy, and limit the Egyptian Army to 18,000 soldiers. Egypt will continue to pay a 'heavy' annual tax to the Ottomans. Ottoman currency will be minted, and Ottoman laws will be valid in Egypt. In return, Muhammad Ali Pasha's family will be granted the hereditary governorship of Egypt" (Edict of Egypt, 1841).

​This betrayal by Muhammad Ali Pasha cost the Ottoman Empire dearly. All of Europe realized that the Ottoman State was too weak to even contend with its own governor. Seeing this, Russia increased its pressure on the Ottomans. This crisis led to the Ottomans being officially branded as the "Sick Man of Europe" in the eyes of Western states. It was the greatest blow struck against the Ottoman Empire in its history. As for Muhammad Ali Pasha, he suffered a heavy defeat on the path he took to achieve what Napoleon had failed to do, returning to where he started. He weakened both his own power and that of the state. From 1840 onwards, the Ottoman Empire was viewed as a "Balance State." Neither Russia wanted to let Britain take the Ottomans, nor did Britain want to lose the Ottomans to Russia. In fact, 13 years later, when Russia declared war on the Ottomans, Britain and France joined the war on the Ottoman side.

​The Russian Tsar expected the Ottoman Empire to collapse immediately. At the beginning of the war, Omar Lütfi Pasha was sent to the Danube front after the Russians occupied Wallachia and Moldavia. He inflicted a heavy defeat on the Russian army at Oltenitsa. This victory boosted the morale of the Ottoman army and convinced the European allies of the Ottomans' military capacity. He defended the Fortress of Silistre, which was besieged by a massive Russian army, for about 40 days with brilliant strategy. The Russians were forced to withdraw without taking the fortress, suffering over 20,000 casualties. This failure led to the complete withdrawal of Russia from the Danube line. While clashes continued in the Crimean Peninsula, Ottoman units under Omar Pasha's command landed at Eupatoria (Gözleve). Although the Russian commander Prince Menshikov attacked with numerically superior forces, he could not break through the defensive line established by Omar Pasha. The Russians retreated after losing thousands of soldiers. This victory played a vital role in breaking Russian resistance in Crimea. However, the Ottomans could not replicate these successes in the Caucasus

Sources: Afif Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot – Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali, Enver Ziya Karal – Ottoman History (Vol. V), Candan Badem – The Ottoman Crimean War (1853–1856), A. Haluk Dursun – From the Nile to the Danube: The Ottomans.

​1. The Kiswah Belt (or Kaaba Belt)

​2. The Kiswah (or The Kaaba Cover)

​3. The Key to the Kaaba

​4. Manuscript of the Holy Quran attributed to Caliph Uthman

​5. Safavid-era manuscript of the Holy Quran

​6. Manuscript of the Holy Quran

​7. Ottoman-era Iznik tile panel depicting the Kaaba

​8. Mamluk-era sarcophagus

All exhibits are from the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts.

Source

https://x.com/dailyturkic/status/2055321814042022126?s=46&t=V4TqIkKwXmHjXV6FwyGPfg

Credit

https://x.com/islamicsh\_/status/2055359907344662986?s=46&t=V4TqIkKwXmHjXV6FwyGPfg

Credit

https://x.com/almaqamat\_/status/2054916536779870320?s=46&t=V4TqIkKwXmHjXV6FwyGPfg

He was a Panjabi Muslim folk hero who led a revolt against Mughal-rule during the reign of Emperor Akbar. He is entirely absent from the recorded history and the only evidence of his existence comes from Panjabi folk songs. His image has been described as being akin to Robin Hood, stealing from the rich and giving to the poor. Many tales narrate his life. This depiction was published in the work Dulla Bhatti Kalan. Shoutout to X/Twitter user maula_jatt_v2 for finding this.