
Towards an Integrated In-Situ Biosignature Detection Suite for Space Missions: Miniaturized MS, CE/LC-MS, Biosensors, Nanopore Sensing, and Standoff Spectroscopy
Ultimately, detecting biosignatures across diverse planetary environments will require an integrated, robust instrument suite that combines capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry, biosensors, standoff optical spectroscopy, and nanopore sensing, supported by rigorous validation and both non-targeted and targeted analysis strategies, since no single technique can address all targets within tight spaceflight constraints.