Sorry, couldn't find a good tag for this question, but Teaching probably matches closest because I was exposed to this mostly in high school (social studies -> history classes; theory of knowledge -> epistemology), but it's really cross-discipline. In a word, my question is about epistemology.
I also suspect that there isn't really one good "answer" to my question, because I tried searching for it in askscience and AskReddit, and only found 2 posts with any useful answers. (1. askscience search, 2. AskReddit search, 3. best AskReddit result (1y ago), 4. best askscience result)
Adding additional context + my attempts at answering myself in comment.
u/Adghar — 7 days ago